The article entitled “Twenty years of the International Conferences on Photosynthesis and Hydrogen Energy Research for Sustainability,” co-authored by A.W.D. Larkum, R. Subramanyam, G. Govindjee, and S.I. Allahverdiyev, has been published in the prestigious journal Photosynthetica.

Over the past twenty years, the conferences have been held across three continents — North America, Europe, and Asia — and have achieved considerable success in attracting participants presenting cutting-edge scientific ideas in the fields of photosynthesis, hydrogen production, and energy sustainability. The article reviews 12 international conferences and provides detailed information on the key events and highlights of each meeting.

The main thematic areas of the conferences included recent advances in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of water splitting in photosynthetic organisms (Photosystem II) and the reactions associated with Photosystem I, the role of hydrogen production in the photosynthetic process, as well as the contribution of innovations in photosynthesis and hydrogen production to the development of global sustainability.